Ren� Descartes And Immanuel Kants Theory Of Knowledge

In 18th century Europe, philosophers widely sought after knowledge. More specifically, they sought after the knowledge of how knowledge might be found. Two main philosophies stood in opposition: rationalism and empiricism (Sproul 117). Immanuel Kant, a revolutionary philosopher from East Prussia, endeavored to create a synthesis of the two philosophies (119). This synthesis illustrated a process by which knowledge might be obtained through both ways illustrated in the two philosophies. This synthesis, as well as much of Kant’s work, was widely influential as well as controversial, leaving philosophers throughout history to debate whether or not he was successful in this endeavor. Oxford Dictionaries defines rationalism, in reference to†¦show more content†¦Kant opposed rationalist’s reluctance to adapt their philosophies to incorporate the discoveries made through empirical evidence and empiricist’s skepticism of the possibility of scientific knowledge (Sproul 120). Thus, Kant created his synthesis. Kant’s synthesis included both knowledge through experience (a posteriori knowledge) and knowledge prior to experience (a priori knowledge). Through this synthesis, Kant reasserts some aspects of both philosophies and denies others. Regarding rationalism, Kant reasserts the belief in a priori knowledge, thus denying the empiricists’ denial of such knowledge (Sproul 121). He asserts that knowledge requires both a posteriori knowledge acquired through the senses and a priori knowledge that the mind employs to categorize and make sense of sensations. Through what Kant refers to as pure intuitions of time and space, one may understand how their sensations fit into time and space, which, as Kant asserts, cannot be perceived directly. This he calls apperception. Sproul succinctly explains this saying â€Å"It is the mind that provides unity to the diversity of my sensory experience.† (121). However, Kant denies that a pr iori knowledge might extend past this and reasserts the empiricist belief that the collaborative process knowledge does begin with experience (121-122). As with the vast

There is No Perfect Government, No Utopia Essay - 2077 Words

From the early stages of civilization men created a form of government to help bring order to society. One of the greatest philosophers Thomas Hobbes believed that men left in their natural state is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short; however, for men to obtain peace they must renounce their freedom to a form of government to gain freedom. (Hobbes, 1865 ) The government has shaped many civilizations, and brought many changes to each new civilization. Throughout history one can observe many forms of government, some government systems brought peace and prosperity to the states while others brought destruction, war, and famine which can be seen in Ancient Greek and Rome. The question then arises, what there a perfect†¦show more content†¦Athens was a civilization which prospered and exerted influence to other city-states, they focused on philosophy and education rather than military. Nevertheless, despite Athens Golden Age, there were many flaws in the government syst em, women, children, slaves and resident aliens were not considered citizens, and since everyone had a say in democracy, the Athens lacked professional civil service. The Politics and the judiciary in Athens remained under the influence of people of wealth and venal judges presided at courts of law marked by corruption and perjury. (Frank, 2009) Eventually, the Athenian government system failed to overpower their enemy in the Peloponnesian War against Sparta, and Athens was defeated. Sparta however was the fearsome polis in Ancient Greek. Unlike Athens, Sparta was a mixed constitution of democracy, monarchy and oligarchy. As unlikely as it seems, Sparta had one of the best functional government in the Ancient World. The Spartan government consisted of two kings, the Ephors, the council of Elders, and Demos which was an assembly of men over the age of thirty. (Mathisen, 2012) This form of government made sure that there was no corruption in the government, and during the time of warfare one king was on the battlefield while the other ruled the people. Sparta however was a military based civilization with two social groups, Spartan citizens and Helots (slaves); unlike Athens, SpartanShow MoreRelatedUtopia is defined as a place of ideal perfection especially in laws, government, and social1000 Words   |  4 PagesUtopia is defined as a place of ideal perfection especially in laws, government, and social conditions, (merriam-webster.com). Utopia is a mindset that p eople are conditioned to believe is achievable, when in actuality it isn’t. In a utopian society when people believe that they have reached idealized perfection, there will still be things or people that make the society imperfect. â€Å"Every utopia faces the same problem: What do you do with the people who dont fit in?† (Margaret Atwood, a novelistRead More Comparing Margaret Cavendish’s The Description of a New World, Called the Blazing World and Sir Tho1706 Words   |  7 PagesThe Description of a New World, Called the Blazing World and Sir Thomas More’s Utopia The so-called Utopia – the quasi-perfect society – flourishes in Margaret Cavendish’s â€Å"The Description of a New World, Called a Blazing World† and Sir Thomas More’s Utopia. While the former is a dreamlike account of fantasy rule and the latter a pseudo-realistic travelogue, both works paint a picture of worlds that are not so perfect after all. 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Business and Corporation Law The Lead Common

Question: Describe about the Business and Corporation Law for The Lead Common. Answer: Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Rich [2009] NSWSC 1229 Case Introduction This case was the leading common matters in the NSW Supreme Court record in which the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) indicted Jodee Rich and Mark Silbermann, the ex- official managers of One.Tel telecommunications corporation, of having unsuccessful to convene their obligation of concern in the time foremost up to the corporations fall down which took place in the year 2001. The Lawful procedure darted for almost 9 years, which was done in 232 sitting time. In November 2009, Robert Austin, who was the NSW Supreme Court Justice, broadly discharged ASIC's matter against the Rich and Silbermann, stating that the commercial supervisory body had been unsuccessful to demonstrate any facet of its appealed matter in opposition to either of the respondents. A long anticipated verdict of this case was delivered by the Judge on 18th November 2016, in the drawn out an assertion which was made by the ASIC against the directors of the currently redundant corporation One.Tel for contraventions of their obligations of care and diligence being directors. In a dramatic drive to the supervisors, the adjudicator who ruled against ASIC on all the facets of its assertions. Facts of the Case One.Tel was a supplier of GSM cell phone and long distance calls services which was created by Rich with an investor, James Packer in the state in 1995 (Jacobson, 2009). The organization enlarged its functions abroad in 1998, Packers issuing distribution and News Corporation made a $600 million speculation in the trades as it was dedicated to construct Australias fourth cell phone system. The corporation nurtured to be converted into the fourth major Australian Telco with 3 million workers, working in 7 states. In the year 2001, ASIC took trials against 3 of the ex- directors and the non-executive chairman of the currently defunct corporation i.e. One.Tel Limited and its pertinent subordinate corporations. ASIC suspected that the officials had violated their obligation of care and due diligence which has been mentioned under section 180(1) of the Corporations Act, 2001 (Cth) by fading to reveal the organizations factual economic arrangement to the panel and to the marketplace over a 5 months time from January to May 2001 (Milamn, 2013). The procedures were formerly suspended in the year 2003 and 2004 against the directors and the officers subsequent resolution contracts which efficiently restricted those executives from potential authority for a definite time and apprehended them legally responsible to compensate numerous sum of reimbursements to the corporation. ASIC preserved the measures through a marathon investigation by the cooperative principal directors and officers of the Organization. Outline the duties/responsibilities (eg CA s. 181) breached and explain why the duties were breached ASICs case The exclusive assertion which was appealed by ASIC against the respondents was a contravention of the obligation of care and diligence under section 180(1) of the Act (Clarke Branson, 2012). This section grants that an organization must implement their authorities and fulfill their obligations with the amount of concern and carefulness that a sensible individual would put into effect if they: Were a manager or official of a organization in the organizations situation, and Engaged the place of work apprehended by, and had the similar errands within the organization as a manager or executive (Edelman, 2012). Directors must formulate self-governing and knowledgeable conclusions. In accumulation, they could not assert lack of knowledge of the corporations dealings, if the unawareness was of their own creation. In this consideration, it has been suspected by ASIC that the respondents have violated section 180(1) by, among other things, confusing the board about the correct economic situation of the corporation. In connection to the supposed violations, ASIC required the subsequent assistance which has been mentioned below such as: Civil punishments, comprising of prohibition of the commands which were averting the respondents from holding prospect corporation authority; and Reimbursement in the sum of $92 million for the creditors of the corporation for harms assumed to have come out from the supposed violations by the respondents of their obligations of due care and diligence (C D). More predominantly, ASIC assumed that the respondents deceive the panel and the marketplace in relation to the accurate monetary place of the organization transversely a comprehensive time in 2001. That intended that the tribunal was obligatory to believe the economic situation of the organization, and the committee of which it was a section, in order to decide if the respondents had contravened their particular obligations (Foglia Bassingthwaite, 2009). The defence The justification paid attention on ASICs breakdown to show its matter as an appealed one. The respondents also depended deeply on the business judgment rule (BJR) which was integrated in section 180(2) of the Act. The regulation grants a justification, where all of the profitable verdicts were prepared as long as there was a coherent faith that the BJ was in the finest welfare of the corporation. An executives obligation of concern which was defined under section 180(1) of the Act was an intended sensible individual standard. As per the adjudicator, the intended standard in the matter of a decision-making official or managerial director has observance to the acquaintance and proficiency of individuals in the same predictable profession as the individual who was charged with infringement and as a result of which alternative may be taken as the proof of the knowledgeable individuals who have engaged same workplaces (Legg Jordan, 2014). Business Judgment Rule The BJR, incorporated in section 180(2) of the Act, fundamentally grants a justification to an assumed violation of section 180(1) (Hooper, 2011) in situations where the manager or executive has completed any verdict to acquire or not obtain accomplishment in reverence of a case appropriate to the trade processes of the organization in connection to which the manager or executive has contented the subsequent four constituents such as (Morrison, 2012): 1) The verdict has been granted in excellent conviction for an appropriate objective; 2) The manager or executive does not have a substance private awareness in the theme issue of the ruling; 3) The manager or executive official has learned by their own about the subject matter of the verdict to the amount they rationally consider to be proper; and 4) The manager or the executive sensibly consider that the ruling was in the finest welfare of the organization (Lumsden, 2010). The judgment granted by the adjudicator which grants a comprehensive study of the above essentials of the rule. Discuss and critically ANALYSE the court/tribunal decision and the reason for the decision in view of the Corporations Act. The judgment The adjudicators have established a decision against ASIC on all the features of its matter and approved the decision for the respondents. In his delivered verdict, he has thoroughly examined the pertinent details and the law sustaining the verdict in support of the respondents (Thomson Playford Cutlers, 2016). So, the basis of the judgment could be concisely recapitulated from the subsequent extract of the pronouncement which states that: ASICs arguments have a apparent request, but again and again they were publicized to be not credible when the fundamental monetary particulars were examined.  As an alternative, the judges offer to center on two specific facets of the verdict which were probable to be of awareness to Directors Officers (DO) insurers going onward, specifically: The condemnation of ASICs treatment of the matter; and The examination of the BJR which was done by the Judges (Australian Institute of Company Directors, 2010). Both of above mentioned issues may assist in order to outline the potential course of ASICs enforcement actions. The Judge also accomplished that the burden of confirming the above mentioned four rudiments of the BJR respites on the respondent. In connection to this constituent of the rule, the adjudicator has made the subsequent explanations: The succeeding terms, to the amount they rationally suppose to be proper, express the scheme that security could be obtainable even if the manager was not conscious of obtainable data important to the verdict, if he sensibly supposed that he had initiated suitable steps on the managerial instance to notify about the case (Tesarch, and Tiller, 2010). ASIC challenged that the terms of a balanced faith which should be associated with a practical trust. The tribunal discarded that deference as such an elucidation would turn into the BJR useless as the coherent conviction constituent would be contented in situations where there was a sensible faith, in which matter there would be no violation of the s 180(1) sensible individual obligation of C D. As an alternative, the tribunal accomplished that the lucid faith constituent of the regulation was contented if the proof depicts that the respondent supposed that his or her verdict was in the best benefit of the organization, and that faith was sustained by a logical procedure which was adequate to guarantee recounting it as a balanced conviction, as defined, whether or not the interpretation procedure was independently a compelling one.  In further sense, the BJR has genuine job to conduct something in that the coherent credence way was an inferior way than the purpose sensible individual way of the obligation of C D. It would be very soon to tell if ASIC aims to make a request against the ruling. However, there were clear instruction which ASIC would likely be averted from this matter. In specific, it would be expected that ASIC in the expectations time would try to constrict the range of its enforceable actions to a meticulous infringement at a specific position in time in order to avert the considerable issues which have proof, with which it could be stumbled upon as a consequence of the width of this matter. Such a growth would no suspicion be entertained by DO insurers as this could affect in proceedings expenses which would be low in civil penalty proceedings such as the costs which were resulted in this case. DO insurers and their insureds may also observe the some relieve in the unrestrained investigation of the business judgment rule which was done by the tribunal. The verdict verifies that managers and the executives have the prospective to dispute that profitable verdicts have been attached with a normal conviction, which would remain logical. Lastly, it would be expected that the ASIC would continue the tendency of following enforceable accomplishments as an option to expensive civil punishment dealings. In his pronouncement, the tribunal has remarked that: One of the unreciprocated queries which were established in this case was if One.Tel would have endured that, the News had preserved their sustenance for the organization and put into practice their arrangement in order to guarantee an extremely economical privilege problem to elevate $132 million. The departure of that sustenance, and the desertion of the privilege problems, may well have guarantee that the corporation could not subsist (Murray, 2009).  The balance sheet holders of the corporation must raise a voice on if the reason of the disintegration could be accredited unswervingly to those connected with the extraction of sustenance for the privilege problem, or whether those verdicts which were founded on deceptive data which was attained from the organization itself. Conclusion So, at the end the trial accomplished on 18 November 2009 that ASIC had been unsuccessful in each facet of their matter, abortive to name key spectators and embroidered the outcome of proof or deceitfully took passage of proof out of the framework. It was also determined that ASIC's review of Mr Rich's proof in the spectator box was erroneous (Paolini, 2014). The tribunal, in the judgment, granted the primary complete sensible scrutiny of the constitutional business judgment resistance which was mentioned in s 180(2) of the Corporations Act 2001 (Plessis, et al., 2014). During the matter, the High Court also has made new regulations concerning the practical privileges of the respondent in civil penalty proceedings. The innovative law affirmed that in such matters, ASIC prohibiting commands were to be measured penal in character, rather than safeguarded and as such, any ineligibility from ASIC which could now be measured unauthorized. So, in 2003, the NSW Supreme Court passed a verdict which identified that under some situations, the main person of the panel who sustains exceptional tasks above those of the non-executive managers as, this conclusion was the consequence of a request concern by ex- One.Tel chairman during the matter. References Australian Institute of Company Directors. (2010). Directors Counsel Time for a revised business judgement rule. Retrieved on 25th November 2016 from: https://www.companydirectors.com.au/director-resource-centre/publications/company-director-magazine/2010-back-editions/february-2010/february/directors-counsel-time-for-a-revised-business-judgement-rule Clarke, T. Branson, D. (2012). The SAGE Handbook of Corporate Governance. SAGE. Corporations and Markets Advisory Committee. (2010). Guidance for Directors. Retrieved on 25th November 2016 from: https://www.camac.gov.au/camac/camac.nsf/byheadline/pdffinal+reports+2010/$file/guidance_for_directors_report_april2010.pdf Edelman, J. (2012). DIRECTORS AND FIDUCIARY DUTIES: THE STORY OF NOCTON V LORD ASHBURTON. Retrieved on 25th November 2016 from: https://www.supremecourt.wa.gov.au/_files/Directors_and_Fiduciary_Duties_20120523.pdf Foglia, M. Bassingthwaite, R. (2009). ASIC Unable To Reel In The Rich Australian Securities Investments Commission V Rich. Retrieved on 25th November 2016 from: https://www.wottonkearney.com.au/asic-unable-reel-rich-australian-securities-investments-commission-v-rich/ Hooper, M. (2011). The Business Judgment Rule: ASIC v Rich and the reasonable-rational divide. Retrieved on 25th November 2016 from: https://epublications.bond.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021context=cgej Jacobson, D.(2009). ASIC V RICH: ASIC One.Tel case against Rich and Silbermann dismissed. Retrieved on 25th November 2016 from: https://www.brightlaw.com.au/asic-v-rich-asic-onetel-case-against-rich-and-silbermann-dismissed/ Legg, M. Jordan, D. (2014). The Australian Business Judgment Rule after ASIC v. Rich: Balancing Director Authority and Accountability. Adelaide Law Review, Vol. 34, No. 2. Lumsden, A. (2010). The Business Judgement Defence - Insights from ASIC v. Rich. Companies and Securities Law Journal, Vol. 28, No. 3. Milamn, D.(2013). Governance of Distressed Firms. Edward Elgar Publishing. Morrison, D. (2012). DIRECTORS LIABILITY FOR INSOLVENT TRADING, STATUTORY FORGIVENESS AND LAW REFORM. Retrieved on 25th November 2016 from: https://sydney.edu.au/lec/subjects/insolvency/Winter%202012/Morrison%20article.pdf Murray, M. (2009). ASIC V RICH - NOTICE OF INTENTION TO APPEAL BY ASIC. Retrieved on 25th November 2016 from: https://www.arita.com.au/news-view/2009/11/03/asic-v-rich---notice-of-intention-to-appeal-by-asic-755 Paolini, A. (2014). Research Handbook on Directors Duties. Edward Elgar Publishing. Plessis, J.J. D., Hargovan, A., Bagaric, M., Harris, J. (2014). Principles of Contemporary Corporate Governance. Cambridge University Press. Tesarch, J. and Tiller, J. (2010). Australia: Corporate Regulator Fails Against One.Tel Directors: ASIC v Rich. Retrieved on 25th November 2016 from: https://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/106686/Corporate+Governance/Corporate+Regulator+Fails+Against+OneTel+Directors+ASIC+v+Rich Thomson Playford Cutlers. (2016). Directors and Officers Alert December 2009. Retrieved on 25th November 2016 from: https://www.tglaw.com.au/wp-content/uploads/awms/Upload/Files/Alert%20-%20DO%20-%20OneTel%20-%20December%202009.pdf

Millard Fillmore Essays - Millard Fillmore, Second Party System

Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore Fillmore, Millard (1800-1874), 13th president of the United States (1850-1853) and the second vice president to finish the term of a deceased president. He succeeded Zachary Taylor at a critical moment in United States history. The Mexican War (1846-1848) had renewed the conflict between the Northern and Southern states over slavery, since it had added new territories to the United States. The debate over whether these territories should be admitted as free or slave states precipitated a crisis that threatened civil war. Much to the relief of Northern and Southern politicians, Fillmore pursued a moderate and conciliatory policy. He signed into law the Compromise of 1850, which admitted one territory as a free state and allowed slave owners to settle in the others. This compromise did not solve the basic problem of slavery but did preserve peace for nearly eleven years. During that time the North gained the industrial power that enabled it to defeat the South when civil war eventually came. Fillmore was born in upstate New York in 1800. He was the second child and eldest son in a family of nine. His parents, Nathaniel and Phoebe Millard Fillmore, had moved from Vermont to New York several years before his birth. Young Fillmore did chores on his father's farm, worked as an apprentice in the clothier's trade, and attended local schools irregularly until he was 17. Although the only books in his home were the Bible, an almanac, and a hymnbook, Fillmore managed to educate himself with the help of a village schoolteacher, Abigail Powers. When he was 19, Fillmore began to study law with Judge Walter Wood of Cayuga County. He supported himself by teaching school. When his family moved to East Aurora, near Buffalo, New York, Fillmore continued his study of law and his teaching. In 1823 he opened a law office in East Aurora. Three years later he married Abigail Powers. The couple had two children, Mary Abigail and Millard Powers. In the early years of their marriage, Mrs. Fillmore continued to teach school and to help her husband with his law studies. In 1826, the year Fillmore was married, an incident in western New York set him on the road to the presidency. When William Morgan, a former member of the Masonic fraternal order who had written a book that claimed to expose the order's secrets, disappeared, the rumor spread that he had been murdered by avenging Masons. Thurlow Weed, a newspaper publisher and politician, seized on the incident to arouse public feeling against all secret organizations and helped to organize the Anti-Masonic Party. Meanwhile, Millard Fillmore had been winning respect and popularity in East Aurora. People admired his professional ethics, temperate habits, careful speech and dress, and good looks. These qualities caught the attention of the Anti-Masonic politicians, who were looking for vote-winning candidates. In 1828, Weed and his group ran Fillmore for a seat in the New York state legislature, and he was elected. Four years later, again with Weed's backing, Fillmore was elected to the House of Representatives in the Congress of the United States. When the Anti-Masonic Party merged with the new Whig Party in the mid-1830s, Fillmore became a Whig. In Congress he was a strong supporter of Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky, the leader of the Whigs. The two men agreed that compromise on the slavery issue was necessary to preserve peace between the North and South. In the important position of chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, Fillmore took a leading part in framing the protective tariff (tax on imports) of 1842. The tariff raised rates to about the high level of the tariff of 1833. That tariff was opposed by the South and had provoked the state of South Carolina to pass its Ordinance of Nullification, declaring the tariff void within its borders. Fillmore did not run for reelection in 1842. He hoped for the vice presidential nomination on Clay's Whig presidential ticket, but the party's national convention of 1844 gave that spot to Theodore Frelinghuysen of New Jersey. Fillmore then accepted the Whig nomination for governor of New York. In the election, however, Fillmore was beaten by his Democratic Party opponent, Silas Wright, and Clay lost the decisive New York vote. The Whigs nominated Fillmore for state comptroller in 1847. This office was second in power after the governor's and supervised public finances and superintended the banks. Fillmore defeated his Democratic opponent by 30,000 votes, the largest margin ever gained by any Whig over a Democrat in New York. The victory established Fillmore as a vote getter and put him

Managing Operating Exposure and Fx Risk at Nissan Essay Example

Managing Operating Exposure and Fx Risk at Nissan Essay Example Managing Operating Exposure and Fx Risk at Nissan Essay Managing Operating Exposure and Fx Risk at Nissan Essay BMW is a company that has frequently favored the financial hedging approach of exchange rate shocks, while 3M has been a strong proponent of hedging via operational flexibility. BMW managers advocates an integrated risk management approach that combines the use of operational and financial hedging. This combination is exactly what BMW is doing after recently suffering from strong appreciation of the Euro in its heavily European based production operations. BMW has announced expansions of production and sourcing facilities in the North American and Asian continents in an effort to create a more globally diversified supply chain, thus adopting more of an integrated risk management approach in its handling of global risks. When BMW Financial Services Netherlands needs to process BMW vehicle lease applications, the company relies on a DB Risk Management Solution to provide consistent credit decisions. As stated in a article of the â€Å"INVESTER† located on DNB. om, â€Å"Before implementing the DB solution, BMW personnel had to submit and then wait for a lease application to be approved or denied†. BMW employers can get fast and consistent credit decisions based on a combination of internal BMW information. BMW uses agencies to compare cases on an annual basis and incorporate historical information making future decisions even more accurate. BMW has achieved significant cost and time savings as a result of this solution. Few large companies are willing to embrace the lack of organizational clarity and nebulous structures that drive innovative ideas. At most companies, headquarters would have put the kibosh on the short-film idea, which has since been widely imitated. Researchers say most experiment with networks on a small scale and very few use the practice to full effect since doing so means an uncomfortable balancing act between hierarchy and discipline on one hand, and free-wheeling networks that can veer toward near-chaos. But for innovation-driven companies, networks that enable entrepreneurial risk-taking are a silver bullet. The ideas are richer, they implement more effectively, and there is less resistance to change, says Rob Cross, assistant professor of management at the University of Virginia. Speed and organizational agility is increasingly vital to the auto industry, since electronics now make up some 20% of a cars value- and that level is rising. BMW figures some 90% of the innovations in its new models are electronics-driven. That requires once-slow-moving automakers to adapt to the lightning pace of innovation a nd change driving the semiconductor and software industries. Gone is the era of the 10-year model cycle.

A Study of Fauvism

A Study of Fauvism Fauvism For artists, the twentieth century began five years late. Late it might have been, but when it got going, it was decades ahead of its time. In 1905 nothing was as modern as modern art. It was to remain that way throughout the century. There are many people who still fail to understand the art introduced in 1905, over seventy years ago. That first modern art appeared in an exhibition in Paris in 1905. Among the participating artists was one of the centurys most famous, Hentri Matisse. Along with Matisses art were works by Maurice de Vlaminck, Andre Derain, and Georges Rouault. Today the works of these artists hang in museums, but in 1905 they werent yet famous. To the public they were infamous. Their paintings were so shocking that one newspaper critic called them the work of Fauves a French word meaning wild beasts. The name stuck so that all the artists who exhibited in that 1905 show were ever after called Fauves and their paintings were dubbed Fauve art. The name Fauve was given to the art of Matisse, Vlaminck, and their colleagues, even though they didnt work with a common principle. And, as years passed, their personal art changed. Paintings done by some at the end of their careers little resembled those done at the beginning. Still, the name. Fauve continued to be used. These were the pioneering artists of the twentieth century and their art, Fauve painting, was the pioneering movement of our century. Theory The fauve artists had no single or unifying principle of art. Perhaps that was necessary for the centurys pioneering movement. Their one basic theory was experimentation. Thats what shocked the 1905 French Public. Their art was so experimental that it resembled nothing gallery visitors had ever seen before. Fauve art doesnt seem so radical today. Thats because their interest in experimentation became the guiding principle of almost all twentieth century art movements. Experimentation in art has meant discovering new types of visual expression. It can be the general theory guiding all the art projects you try in this book. It was originally a fauve principle. However, if most twentieth-century art movements have been guided by experimentation, those experiments have been controlled by further theories. The leading Fauve theoretician was Henri Matisse. His colleagues followed many of his ideas, and his thoughts about art inspired many twentieth-century art developments. To gain an understanding of Fauve art, you can do no better then examine the art and ideas of Matisse. Nor can you find any better guide for developing your own art. Here is what Matisse once said about his art. Expression is what Im seeking most of all however, expression doesnt mean the passion which a human face reflects. The total composition of my painting is expressive. My arrangement of figures or objects, the empty spaces surrounding them, their proportions, everything has its roll to play. Except for Georges Roualt, most Fauve painters followed Matisse and sought expression with the total painting, the total subject. This isnt a simple goal. Its one achieved only after much time and thought. Studying the work of Matisse can help you understand Fauve expression in art. Matisse expressed himself with line. He did this by simplifying the line in his work. This meant eliminating unnecessary lines and using only the most important. These were, of course, the lines that created the shape of his subjects, not the lines that defined details. He wasnt interested in linear details. In short, he simplified his drawing. But simplified drawing doesnt mean you will automatically produce expressive lines in your art. Simplification can mean producing nothing more than a simple but disjointed sketch. More is required. Matisse and his Fauve friends did it by creating rhythmic lines. His lines swing easily, curve and twist like a melody. Matisse created such expressive lines in painting like The Dance. The joy of dance requires lines with lovely rhythm. He eliminated details. In the essential lines that remained, he created graceful bends and flowing curves, lines swinging with the delight of dancing. The Fauves also expressed themselves in color. They understood that color was essential to painting. They didnt feel color should be dominated by subject matter. This means their use of color wasnt dictated by realism. Instead, color could stand on its own. Fauve artists intensified their colors, using bright flesh colors, pinks oranges, and reds for faces. They created shadows of bright colors. In one famous painting, Matisse painted a green stripe down the face of his wifes portrait. He used green because it was the strongest color contrast to the reddish tone of the painting. In such painting, you notice the color before you notice the subject. Such a bold use of color doesnt mean you can color without thinking. In fact, you must be even more careful with color in such a case. A realistic artist who uses color poorly can claim his inadequate colors only copy the poor coloring of his subject. However, Fauve artists couldnt do this. Their bold coloring was of their own choice so they had to be especially sensitive to the use of color they used in their art. Thats why color is such an important ingredient in Fauve art. When you create art in the spirit of Fauve painters, you too will be very conscious of your use of color. You will also be conscious of your use of line. When thinking like a Fauve artist, youll experiment. Like Matisse, youll seek expression in your art in the way you use line and color. Youre line will be simplified and your color diverse from realism. Yet your lines will have beauty and expression because youll give them rhythm and grace. Your colors will be beautiful, because youll treat them intelligently and with sensitivity. Thats how the Fauve artist worked when producing some of the greatest paintings of 20th century art.

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 18

Assignment - Essay Example We need to take action to stop them and come up with a much more reasonable and considered response to the problem. This is what informed and responsible citizens do: they work together, discuss ideas and come up with solutions that make sense to everyone. The Occupy movement has been a parade of fools so far. This is very unfortunate because there are social problems out there which require solving. Sadly, the Occupy movement has manipulated the homeless and used them as a rallying point. We need to take back our own public spaces from these people and we need to treat the homeless who truly need our help with real dignity and respect, and not use them as some sort of political pawn, as the Occupy organizers have been doing. Homeless people deserve to have a home and receive treatment. We need to ensure that this happens and they are not abused by those who would use them solely for political purposes. It is important for citizens like us to take a stand for those who are most vulnerable and whom no one else can help. Denver is a beautiful city with great potential. It is sad to see so much political energy being expended about homelessness which is only one of several issues facing the city. The people of Denver need to speak to their local representatives about these issues. We need to be very concerned about what happens in our public spaces. Downtown is a place for everyone. It is a place for families to enjoy themselves and for tourists to bustle about. It is not a place for constant political noisemaking and abuse. The citizens of Denver need to speak with one voice on this matter. Occupy and its shenanigans are not acceptable and we will stand up these criminals and clear the streets of their garbage if necessary. We all share this wonderful city. No one group or idea owns the city and can take control of our public spaces. Sadly, according to one